Send ubheading for thos According to Karpathy, one of the key challenges in modern AI development is the rising complexity and cost of training massive models. He suggests that improving data quality, optimization techniques, and model efficiency could be more impactful than simply increasing model size. This approach could help researchers and companies build powerful LLMs that are faster, cheaper, and more practical for real-world applications such as chatbots, coding assistants, and enterprise tools.